Maiji Mountain Grottoes (麦积山石窟, Màijīshān Shíkū)

Maiji Mountain is a lone volcanic rhyolite tuff peak that rises abruptly from the rolling hills of southeastern Gansu, 30 kilometers southeast of Tianshui. The mountain's name means "Wheat Stack Mountain" — its shape resembles a haystack. The cliffs of Maiji are naturally suited to cave carving: the rhyolite tuff is soft enough to carve with basic tools but hardens on exposure to air, creating durable structures. Over 1,500 years, Buddhist monks carved 221 caves into the cliff face, populating them with tens of thousands of Buddhist figures in clay, stucco, and stone.

The caves span five major periods of creation, representing the evolution of Chinese Buddhist art from the 4th century through the Ming and Qing dynasties. The earliest caves, from the Northern Wei period (386–534 AD), feature austere, elongated figures with a strong Central Asian influence. The Sui dynasty caves (581–618 AD) mark a transition to more humanistic, Chinese forms. The Tang dynasty caves (618–907 AD) are the most numerous and artistically sophisticated — large, well-lit caves filled with elaborate Buddha figures, Bodhisattvas, and colorful murals.

The cave complex is approached via a wooden walkway (栈道, zhandao) that was originally built in the 6th century and rebuilt many times since. The walkway snakes up the cliff face, passing cave openings at multiple levels. The highest walkway offers a vertiginous view over the surrounding landscape. The original wooden walkways were a remarkable piece of engineering — some sections cantilevered over empty space hundreds of meters above the valley floor.